The Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing - 806 Words

The impacts of hydraulic fracturing can be hard to analyze due to a lack of data available. The following case studies explored the effects of fracking on animals and humans within areas of hydraulic fracking sites. The case studies were completed in six states in which hydraulic fracturing sites has increased in recent years. These six states are Colorado, Louisiana, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. The studies focus on the effects of animals because they may serve as sentinels for human exposure, with shorter lifetimes and more opportunity for data collection from necropsies (Bamberger Oswald, 2012, p.52). The case studies also take into account human exposure within the same area as the animals affected. The first case study in the article observed two homes within a short distance of 25 shale wells. These two homeowners both had farm animals on their property and used well water for their personal water source. Both homeowners reported incidents relating to wastewater exposure for both their animals and humans. One incident was when a truck carrying wastewater drove away from the impoundment site with an open valve, releasing approximately 20 gallons of wastewater onto the impoundment access road(62). The water that was released was also spilled onto a road near one of the homeowners property. Another incident occurred when the barriers for the wastewater impoundment failed causing a spill into a creek. It is believed that this occurrences could haveShow MoreRelatedHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On The Environment1467 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing Introduction For this assignment I have chosen to look in to a subject that is in the news media spotlight. The subject is the process of hydraulic fracturing. In this paper, we will learn about this process by answering the following questions. First what is hydraulic fracturing and what is the process used for. Then we will look at the actual process of hydraulic fracturing (how it works). Next we will take a closer look at some of the chemical use during the hydraulic fracturingRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing Has Recently Grown In Popularity As1516 Words   |  7 PagesHydraulic fracturing has recently grown in popularity as a means of energy production. There are advantages and disadvantages, mainly relating to the environment and the economy, of this industry. Although there are pros and cons to both sides of the issue, a compromise needs to be found for both the safety of the environment and to be able to support affordable energy production. Hydraulic fracturing, as an industry, has had a large economic impact by creating jobs. Using natural gas from hydraulicRead MoreIs Hydraulic Fracturing Environmentally Safe?1414 Words   |  6 PagesIs Hydraulic Fracturing Environmentally Safe? The United States has become one of the largest producers of natural gas and most of the production is from shale plays. Solar, wind, biomass waste and geothermal and hydroelectric energy have long been recognized as renewable and sustainable energy resources; however, they only comprise 9% of our energy consumption; this is in comparison to the growing production of natural gas which accounts for 40% of industrial and 74% of residential energy consumptionRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : An Ethical Approach1168 Words   |  5 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: An Ethical Approach Hydraulic fracturing in combination with advancement in directional drilling has made it possible to economically extract oil and gas from unconventional resources. The growth in U.S. oil and gas exploration and production made possible by the increase in use of hydraulic fracturing, has raised concerns about its potential to impact human health and the environment. Concerns have been raised by the public about the effects of hydraulic fracturing on qualityRead MoreEssay On Fracking1181 Words   |  5 Pages There are still doubts about whether hydraulic fracturing will follow the forecasts put out by the United States energy Information Administration. Hughes write that producing 45 percent of the nations gas through fracking is basically impossible (31). He thinks that â€Å"drilling rates assumed by the EIA to meet its forecast are inadequate† (Hughes 31). Hughes supports that the current drilling rates of about 20,000 new wells per year are woefully short of what is needed to increase gas output (31)Read MoreFracking and the Halliburton Act Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Hydraulic fracturing involves the use of water pressure to create fractures in rock that allow the oil and natural gas it contains to escape and flow out of a well (Energy From Shale).† Fracking has served to extract natural gas and oil where other methods would not be as successful but many environmentalists argue that fracking is affecting the environment and our drinking supply of water. Although fracking is still a controversial topic, it provides Americans jobs, increases theRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : The Good And The Bad1381 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: The Good and The Bad. Hydraulic fracturing in combination with advancement in directional drilling has made it possible to economically extract oil and gas from unconventional resources. The growth in U.S. oil and gas exploration and production made possible by the increase in use of hydraulic fracturing, has raised concerns about its potential to impact human health and the environment. Concerns have been raised by the public about the effects of hydraulic fracturing on qualityRead MoreThe Issue Of Hydraulic Fracturing1444 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing One of the hottest new issues that has arisen to the forefront of the battle between environmentalists and the energy industry, where the health of future generations is set against our energy needs and economic growth, is the issue of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking as it is colloquially called. America’s new-found energy independence has been made possible using technology that was only a pipe dream a mere decade ago, slashing the disparity between net imports versus exportsRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And The Natural Gas Industry1454 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental Science- Hydraulic Fracturing Introduction Hydraulic fracturing is a verified as well as well-regulated technology that was first used during the 1940s. Hydraulic fracturing has opened enormous new supplies of oil along with clean-burning natural gas that is from the dense deposits of shale. These supplies enhance the energy security of the U.S. and improve the nation’s ability to generate electricity for generations to come. Hydraulic Fracturing has been utilized in at least one millionRead MoreThe United States Of The Industrial Revolution1720 Words   |  7 Pagesno technology or tools advanced enough to drill into these rocks, until the 1970s and 1980s. Companies worked endlessly finding a way to allow shale rocks to release the gas that they held. Companies eventually came up with a practice called hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking; this process utilizes water pressure to fracture or break a rock in order to release and collect fuel such as gas or oil. In recent years, companies have mixed sand, chemic als and other proponents to retrieve the maximum

The Scramble For Africa During The Berlin Conference

The Scramble for Africa, taking place nearly three decades after the Berlin Conference regarding Africa, was an event where several, major European powers attempted to colonize areas in Africa. As European powers tried to enforce this imperialism, they were met with heavy resistance from the Africans, violently and non-violently, however, some chose to give in to European demands; Document 5 is an example of the violent resistance from the natives of Africa while Document 2 shows non-violent resistance by co-operating with the British, and Document 1 gives an example of submission to the British through a contract of sorts. The Berlin Conference marked the beginning of the â€Å"Conquest of Africa†. This conquest partitioned Africa into territories as to divide Africa for each European country, avoiding war amongst themselves. This led to a series of actions and reactions, back and forth, between European powers and Africans resulting in different consequences. A common reaction from African tribes to European imperialism was violent resistance. Document 5 is an ample instance where violence was used to resist European imperialism. . In 1891, Menelik II, the leader of Ethiopia, had surrendered to Europe, but decided to take back their land from them. The Battle of Adowa, portrayed in the painting in Document 5, shows the victory of Ethiopians against Italian troops in 1896. Oreste Baratieri, the Italian general who led his army against the Ethiopian troops in the battle,Show MoreRelatedNegative Impacts Of The Berlin Conference Of 1884-1885741 Words   |  3 Pages REACTION PAPER Bradford B. Birdashaw University of Kansas ABSTRACT The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 set the ground rules for the colonization of Africa by European powers. The event helped to ease tensions that were growing because of the competition for resources in Africa. It had a dramatic and lasting negative impact on the nations of Africa. They lost the ability to govern their own people and develop their economies. African natural resources were essentially stolenRead MoreThe European Colonization Of Africa1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe European colonization of Africa, also known as the Scramble for Africa, Partition of Africa, or Conquest of Africa, occurred between the 1870s and 1900s, and was the invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during a period of New Imperialism. European control of the continent increased from 10 percent (1870) to 90 percent (1914), with only three territories, Saguia el-Hamra, which was later integrated into Spanish Sahara, Ethiopia and LiberiaRead MoreBerl in Conference of 1884: Scramble and Partition of Africa818 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Scramble and partition of Africa The expansion that was fueled by capitalist industrialism as well as nationalism subjugated land to be under European control, in nineteenth century. British Empire alone during this period was made up of more than a quarter of the worlds land mass and people. Europe in addition to its colonial possessions by 1914 occupied over 80 percent of the globe. This conquest of Africa somehow revealed a good example to what is termed as new imperialism. The confusionRead MoreImperialism in the 19th century1746 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism is the act in which one nation extends its rule over another. Imperialism had a substantial effect on the 19th century throughout the entire world by bringing upon changes to many different countries, for better and for worse, especially to Africa. Prior to the nineteenth century, westerners did interfere with many of the affairs of nations outside of their boarders, so signs of imperialism are shown many times throughout history. Examples of this would be the European colonies in the AmericasRead MoreScramble For Afric Summary Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesScramble for Africa Yinka Shonibare MBE Christina: When you picture Africa, what do you see? Some may answer that they see the wide open plains of the Savannah and the immense diversity of animals that inhabit it. Others may envision the huge thriving cities in South Africa where tourists often visit to enjoy the beaches or take a stroll through a national park. Even others may imagine the indigenous peoples who still live all throughout Africa and whose ways of life are so starkly different fromRead MoreThe Scramble for Africa1154 Words   |  5 Pages What was the Scramble for Africa? The Scramble for Africa was a period of time where major European countries fought over and colonized land in Africa, stretching from South Africa to Egypt. The scramble for Africa began shortly after the slave trade, and ended at WW1, and is a strong representation of the ‘New Imperialism’. The first country to act was Belgium, who colonized Congo at 1885, but soon, other countries such as Portugal and Great Britain joined in in order to not miss out. FirstlyRead MoreEurope Is Nothing Without Africa Not The Other Way Around1104 Words   |  5 PagesEurope is nothing without Africa not the other way around. By the early twentieth century most of Africa, excluding Ethiopia and Liberia had been colonized by European powers. Earlier between the 1870s and 1900 Africa faced many hardships from the Europeans such as imperialist aggression, conciliatory pressure, invasions from the military, prospective journeys and colonization. Although African societies put up resistance th e scramble for African soil was taken by the Europeans. W.E.B Dubois declaresRead MoreThe General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa2361 Words   |  10 Pagesanalyze the General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa (1884-1885) and the partition of Africa among the main European powers, considering its importance for the construction of Europe. The Conference of Berlin was the culmination of a process that began with the presence of European traders in the costal areas of West Africa. The relations between Europe and Africa developed during the age of slave trade and were transformed on the 19th century. The Conference initiated the process of formalRead MoreBritish Imperialism1137 Words   |  5 Pages European nations only controlled about 10 percent of the continent of Africa, France to the north and Britain to the south (Edgar, 2008). As time goes by, other countries gain conquests, mostly in western areas of Africa. This essay will go over a few key points in history that led to the Age of Imperialism and the British colonization of Southern Africa. The essay will also identify key players in this age. Southern Africa was known for its gold and other valuable items that made it so appealingRead MoreThe Impact Of Slavery On Africa Socially, Economically, And Politically For Over 300 Years.969 Words   |  4 Pages2. Slavery impacted Africa socially, economically, and politically for over 300 years. Slavery had a major social impact on Africa, due to the fact that the vast numbers involved in the trans-Atlantic slave trade led to a color association. Africa already had an existing slave trade system in place. Women were incredibly degraded and devalued for the reason that numerous of were captured and sold into slavery. Polygamy became the norm because many African societies lacked African males because they

Plunkitt essay free essay sample

In the book of Plunkitt of Tammany Hall written by William L. Riordon, George Washington Plunkitt came from poor beginnings and made his way up to become a head leader of the Fifteenth Assembly District in New York, a main leader in the political team of Tammany Hall, and a millionaire. George Washington Plunkitt was brought up in Tammany Hall, he learned how to reach out to the voters and it wasn’t how every other politician reaches out to voters by stating the facts, Plunkitt reached in a way that touched the hearts of the voters. He believed that arguments and campaign literature never gained votes. (p. 86) Plunkitt talked openly about how young men can succeed in politics to get power and how to keep it. He states some mistakes that young politicians make when trying to become successful. One mistake would be that cramming books in your face to learn how to be successful in politics is not the best idea, but doesn’t disagree with attending college. We will write a custom essay sample on Plunkitt essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another mistake mentioned is, â€Å"some young men think that the best way to prepare for the political game is to practice speakin’ and becomin’ orators. Plunkitt wants the young men to wait quietly and listen to what’s being said all around before mentioning anything. After mentioning some mistakes not to do, Plunkitt wants to suggest some tips on what to do based on what he did to succeed in politics as he did. As Plunkitt states, â€Å"What I did was to get some marketable goods before going to the leaders. † He approached his cousin who had no interest in politics and told him that he was going to be a politician and wanted to get a following, he asked his cousin if he would and his cousin agree. Then he approached the district leader and told him that he had two votes, his cousins and his own. The district leader told him to go ahead. Plunkitt started off in a small business way, but he soon branched out and suggested that that was the only way to become a long lasting statesman. Plunkitt stresses that honest and dishonest graft is a big part of politics. Tammany men have become rich off of graft, but Plunkitt has made a fortune in politics and has never gone for dishonest graft. The difference between  dishonest graft and honest graft is, dishonest graft is blackmailing gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc. He describes honest graft as â€Å"an opportunity† that he took at the right time. Plunkitt states that, â€Å"All they can show is that Tammany heads of departments looked after their friends within the law, and gave them the opportunities they could to make honest graft. †(p. 5) With that being said Plunkitt was a man for honest graft which he represented the Tammany men, and they were very popular because of honest graft, and he stressed for honest graft to be a set motivation in their headquarters. Nevertheless, Tammany’s district leader is known for reaching out into the homes of his district, watching over all his men and the families of these men, he places himself in a position that puts his knowledge to the test and makes him show his effort to everyone in the town. George Washington Plunkitt was a successful man who started from the bottom of being poor, to being a millionaire that found his own truthful way of being a successful politician.

What is Psychology Essays - Psychology, Behavioural Sciences

What is Psychology? What exactly is psychology? Popular television programs, books, and films have contributed to a a number of misconceptions about this subject. The diverse careers paths of those holding psychology degrees also contribute to this confusion. Psychology is both an applied and academic field that studies the human mind and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain how we think, act and feel. As most people already realize, a large part of psychology is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues, but that's just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to applications for psychology. In addition to mental health, psychology can be applied to a variety of issues that impact health and daily life including performance enhancement, self-help, ergonomics, motivation, productivity, and much more. Early Psychology Psychology evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Discussions of these two subjects date as far back as the early Greek thinkers including Aristotle and Socrates. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word psyche, meaning 'soul' or 'mind.' A Separate Science The emergence of psychology as a separate and independent field of study was truly born when Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Wundt's work was focused on describing the structures that compose the mind. This perspective relied heavily on the analysis of sensations and feelings through the use of introspection, a highly subjective process. Wundt believed that properly trained individuals would be able to accurately identify the mental processes that accompanied feelings, sensations and thoughts. Schools of Thought Throughout psychology's history, a number of different schools of thought have thought have formed to explain human thought and behavior. These schools of thought often rise to dominance for a period of time. While these schools of thought are sometimes perceived as competing forces, each perspective has contributed to our understanding of psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought in psychology. * Structuralism * Functionalism * Gestalt * Psychoanalysis * Behaviorism * Humanism * Cognitive Psychology Today Today, psychologists prefer to use more objective scientific methods to understand, explain, and predict human behavior. Psychological studies are highly structured, beginning with a hypothesis that is then empirically tested. The discipline has two major areas of focus: academic psychology and applied psychology. Academic psychology focuses on the study of different sub-topics within psychology including personality, social behavior and human development. These psychologists conduct basic research that seeks to expand our theoretical knowledge, while other researchers conduct applied research that seeks to solve everyday problems. Applied psychology focuses on the use of different psychological principles to solve real world problems. Examples of applied areas of psychology include forensic psychology, ergonomics, and industrial-organizational psychology. Many other psychologists work as therapists, helping people overcome mental, behavioral, and emotional disorders. Psychology Rese arch Methods As psychology moved away from its philosophical roots, psychologists began to employ more and more scientific methods to study human behavior. Contemporary researchers employ a variety of scientific techniques including experiments, correlation studies, longitudinal research, and others to test, explain, and predict behavior. Areas of Psychology Psychology is a broad and diverse field. A number of different subfields and specialty areas have emerged. The following are some of the major areas of research and application within psychology: 1. Abnormal Psychology is the study of abnormal behavior and psychopathology. This specialty area is focused on research and treatment of a variety of mental disorders and is linked to psychotherapy, and clinical psychology. 2. Biological Psychology, also known as biopsychology, studies how biological processes influence the mind and behavior. This area is closely linked to neuroscience and utilizes tools such as MRI and PET scans to look at brain injury or brain abnormalities. 3. Clinical Psychology is focused on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. It is also considered the largest employment area within psychology. 4. Cognitive Psychology is the study of human thought processes and cognitions. Cognitive psychologists study topics such as attention, memory, perception, decision-making,problem-solving, and language acquisition. 5. Comparative Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior. This type of research can lead to a deeper and broader understanding of human psychology. 6. Developmental Psychology is an area that looks at human growth and

The Web Site for Online Journalism

Table of Contents Introduction Aljazeera BBC ABCNews ESPN Egypt Daily News Conclusion Introduction The Web represents the future of journalism, and mainstream media houses have realised this point. The Web is a relatively cost-effective means of distributing information than the traditional printing press and physical deliveries. This is reporting of news on real-time through the Internet. Therefore, the Web site for online journalism must meet some quality standards of a good Web site.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Web Site for Online Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a short report about four international news Web sites and one local Egyptian news Web site. It looks at the contents and types of news (sport, business, and politics), the accuracy, the design of the Web site. Aljazeera Aljazeera is an international news Web site that presents round-the-clock news to visitors on the si te. The site provides news from various parts of the global like Africa, America, Asia-Pacific, Central and South Asia, Europe, and Middle East. The Web site presents news on current affairs, opinions, business, sports, weather, in-depth analysis, human right issues, and other scheduled programmes. Aljazeera Web site has a great amount of illustration. At least every news item has a graphical presentation because such graphical presentations can have a significant impact of the audience. The Web page has a good colour in the background that makes texts easy to read. Moreover, the background is not crowded. The texts are not too small and crowded, but are evenly distributed within the page to explain the image. The Web site displays latest news in capital letters. Every title in the page has a link. However, the audience must put a mouse on the heading in order to know that the link works, i.e., there is no â€Å"click to read more† sign. However, a click on the title may lead to the main story to take the reader further to ‘sub-stories’, which relate to the main story (this is the case with most of the contents in the in-depth section). The site does not have any dead links, unclear navigation, orphan pages, and unwanted scroll bars.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The page graphical presentations are easy to load, are useful to the site, and fit within the screen. This site does not use animations. However, the section marked as ‘IN PICTURES’ has running images through, but they look professional. Generally, the Web site has a good design. The site provides various ways of contacting the organisation. However, it has social media integration (Twitter and Facebook). It also has a mobile version because smart devices and tablets are responsible for the growing Web traffic. The site lacks any security icon. BBC The BBC has been the benchmark for international journalism. From the BBC Web site, the audience can listen, watch, and read news. Moreover, there are also constant updates. The site provides science, sports, documentary, society, blog, and other categories. It has abundant resources for the audience. The news items are current and accurate. The background is clear to allow for readability of the texts. Texts appear in clear blue and light grey colour against a white background. Thus, readers can easily read them. The BBC Web site uses small letters to display latest news from the globe. Texts are organised below the main story. Titles in the page also act as links, which viewers must click in order to read, watch, or listen to a story. The BBC Web site uses a blue colour to differentiate the headline and the caption of the news. All the links are working, and there are no dead or orphan links in the site. Navigation is easy because there are various categories of news e.g., sports, weathe r, business, health, environment, and other areas of interests. All these items fit within the Web page. The site makes extensive use of graphics for main stories. Moreover, it also presents some features in forms of illustration. However, graphic reporting plays a major role in this Web site. There are no animations in this Web site.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Web Site for Online Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The BBC Web site has a well-integrated graphic design. All texts, snaps, and images fit within the site. Moreover, users do not have to scroll various segments in order to gain access to an item. The BBC Web site has a mobile integration platform, live news, videos, and connected TV among others. There are also social media links. It also has extra links for FAQs. The BBC Web site design has rich contents and meets qualities of an international news standard Web site with multiple l anguages for various viewers. Contact details are readily available. ABCNews ABCNews is a part of the go.com. It provides the latest news items alongside video and audio messages. The format is clear and usable for the audience. Moreover, subscribes can get news alerts via their e-mails and mobile gadgets. The contents are real events. The Web site has a clear background that allows text readability. It makes the use of white space in the background. Texts in this Web site are mainly headlines with links to the main news item. The blue and black texts are visible against a white background. The Web site links are working, users can navigate various pages of the site from the sections and headlines provided. The site is easy to scroll because users only use the side bar to scroll the entire content of the page. Moreover, the site has arranged its content into various categories. There are no inactive and dead links in this Web site.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The site has maintained its multimedia design. It has graphics, slideshows, audio links, and videos. The site has multiple links, whit space, and multimedia approach to design. It also contains mobile apps and version for mobile devices, as well as social media links. ESPN ESPN provides sports news, history and sports statistics. The site does not rely on extensive use of text on its dark red background. The news items are accurate sports news, suggestions, speculations, and opinions of contributors. It mainly relies on graphic journalism for reporting. It has maintained multimedia features. Moreover, there is a section with auto play (advertisement of mobile apps). The design of the sight ensures that all items are within the Web page. It has social media links and alerts. However, there are no visible security features for visitors. Egypt Daily News This Web site focuses on local news from Egypt, Middle East, and world news. The reporting is accurate in current affairs. The site i s full of texts. In fact, most news items are in text format. The white background allows visitors to read the blue texts. The texts are small and may not be visible to some readers. However, this Web site looks crowded and cluttered with text. It contains more than enough. At the bottom of the site, there is a large white space with no content while the top side is cluttered with advertisements and headings. The links are active and navigation is not difficult for the identified news item. The site uses multimedia elements, but there are no animations and auto play elements. Graphic journalism also plays a critical role in this Web site. This Web site requires improvement because of the cluttered presentation and small font sizes. Moreover, it focuses on several issues. Conclusion The international news Web sites have strived to display professionalism on their sites. The news items are current, accurate, and reflect balanced coverage. They apply graphic reporting or journalism to present news items. There are words, illustration, and snaps. Graphic journalism acts as a backup for the text and audio reporting. All Web sites have active links, which have easy navigation processes because of the sections and titles. Moreover, all these sites have social media links and alerts. Some of these Web sites have strived to remain simple. As a result, they have integrated multimedia applications with caution. For instance, most of them do not have background music, flash, auto-play contents, and extraneous data that can slow down the page. However, some Web sites have cluttered design in terms of graphic and text presentations, and the use of white space. Such sites require professional appeals. In addition, they also lack visible security signs. Customisation of the content in some sites also allows visitors to choose a language of their choice. However, these Web sites aim to achieve usability, aesthetic, and functionality of a professional Web site. This report on The Web Site for Online Journalism was written and submitted by user Taryn P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bronchial cartilage deficiency leading to bronchom Essays - Bacteria

Bronchial cartilage deficiency leading to bronchom Essays - Bacteria bronchial cartilage deficiency leading to bronchomalacia. Mounier - Kuhn syndrome: characterised by congenital deficiency of bronchial cartilage associated ~th tracheobronchomegaly. Enlargement of the airways and deep corrugations produced by the redundant musculo -membranous tissues be~een the cartilaginous rings gives a roentgenographic appearance of multiple diverticulae on CT(lO). Brock's syndrome: characterized by right middle 10 be collapse ~th bronchiectasis caused by a foreign body or enlarged lymph nodeusually tuberculous. Chandra- Khetarpal syndrome: characterized by levocardia, bronchiectasis and frontal sinusitis. Ciliary dysfunction is not a feature of this syndrome (3). MacLeod's (Swyer-James)syndrome: in which the disease is associated ~th a unilateral hyperluscent lung and characterized by brochiolitis obliterans (4). Yellow nail syndrome: associated ~th lymphedema and pleural effusion due to hypoplastic lymphatics. Whooping cough, measles, mumps, influenza, and primary complex are considered to be childhood infections that predispose to bronchiectasis in adulthood(childhood pentad of bronchiectasis). Clinical Features Persons ~th bronchiectasis bring out copious foul smelling khakicoloured(S) sputum containing abundance of neutrophils and have postural variation in sputum production. The foul smell is due to the presence of . anaerobic organisms in the sputum. Excessive ~ounts of protein are lost in the sputum causing hypo albuminaemia. This condition is called protein- losing pulmonopathy. Halitosis may occur. Recurrent pleurisy in the same site may also be a feature (6) . The organisms commonly cultured from the sputum in bronchiectasis are Pseudomonas species and the following. Anaero bic organisms - Bacteroides fragilis etc. and Aspergillus fumigatus Klebsiella pneu!7Wniae Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus . If mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Pseudo~nas cepaciae, Escherichia coli, H. influenzae or S. aureus are cultured the patient should be investigated for cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder involving mutations in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7, which can be confirmed by estimating the chloride content in sweat (sweat chloride test). In cystic fibrosis the chloride in sweat will b~ above 60 meq/ L in children and above 80 meq/ L in adults. The sweat is 0 btained by pilocarpine iontophoresis. A test for mucociliary clearance is by nasal saccharin clearance. A 1 mm cube is placed on the inferior turbinate and the time taken for it to be tasted is normally less than 30 minutes(S). It is prolonged in impaired ciliary function. 24

Suez Canal Crisis of 1956 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Suez Canal Crisis of 1956 - Essay Example To undertake construction Ferdinand de Lesseps created a company with Egyptian partners known as the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company. At the time the Ottoman Empire had influence and control over Egypt’s politics. The economic crisis forced Egypt’s ruler to sell his shares of the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company to England. England now had considerable share in the operation of the canal along with French investors, whereas Egypt lost control over the canal and its profits. The period saw great turmoil and the wars made the potential and strategic importance of the canal apparent to all forces. The British Imperial Empire had colonies across the world and the canal proved to be essential for trade. In 1882 Egypt was invaded by the British and the country was termed an indispensable possession of the British Empire. The canal became a super highway for the British to link its trade to its colonies in East Africa, India, and Australia. Egyptian rebel groups tried to pu sh British Colonial Empire but were not successful. 2. Weakening of the British Colonial Empire After the World War II, the British Empire faced economic difficulties to maintain its colonial empire. The Indian subcontinent was left after the war and the British forces were weakened. The time saw an uprising among the Egyptians to phase out the British from the country. The British maintained presence of a garrison at Suez to protect her strategic interests. The British were allowed to maintain presence of 10,000 troops on the basis of Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 (Tucker 107). But Egyptian rebel groups started gaining popularity of the masses and pressure increased over Britain to vacate the area. The events ultimately led to a coup in 1952 and finished kingship in the country. Egypt was made a republic by the key member of the coup and the new president of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser. 3. Nationalization of Suez Canal Gamal Abdel Nasser was the second president of Egypt and gathered support against the colonialist. He shifted cooperation of Egypt towards the Soviets and the act ions were against the two super powers of the time, the British and the French. He was viewed as a great threat by the two forces. At the time the US had very less influence in the Middle East. Its main ally in the region was Saudi Arabia. Gamal Abdel Nasser moved towards Saudi Arabia for its future ties and the US saw an opportunity to increase influence in the region. The biggest step that Gamal took against the British and the French was perhaps the nationalization of the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956 (Witte 51). This step was the basis of this crisis. The British and the French militaries were exhausted and their economies were at a low stage. Gamal took over the Suez Canal without firing a single shot and the Suez Canal came under Egypt. He cancelled the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 and forced the British to vacate the canal within the next 20 months (Tucker 107). This was a surprise move by the army and the British forces were not given a chance to react. The Suez Canal Company was frozen and all its shareholders were given the share. 4. Buildup of Egyptian Army Foreseeing the threats, Gamal used his newly developed relations to build up his army on modern weapons through an arms deal with Czechoslovakia (DeRouen and Heo 346). These weapons were from the Soviets and the two countries became close allies. The Soviets equipped Egypt with modern tanks and its air force with fighters and bombers. Artillery guns were given to Egypt and Self Propelled Artillery pieces were procured from the Soviets to move along with the tanks in the desert